1630 to 1639

1630

x - Johannes Kepler dies.
x - Publication of Christoph Scheiner's Rosa Ursina, the definitive work on sunspots for over a century.
feb - Pope Urban VIII + bestows a pension of 40 scudi per year on Galileo.
apr - Galileo ?* finishes his Dialogue Concerning the Two Chief World Systems.
sum - |Italy| An outbreak of the plague begins to disrupt commerce and travel between cities.
jul - |Thirty Years' War +¢| The Swedish Period [u.1635] Gustavus II Adolphus, King of Sweden lands on the coast of Pomerania on the grounds of protecting the oppressed Protestants. The Restoration of the Dukes of Meclenburgh (his relatives), and the rejection of his mediation of the Treaty of Lübeck, and anxiety over the maritime plans of the emperor.
aug - Federico Cesi, the founder and patron of the Lincean Academy, dies. This is the end of the academy.
fal - Galileo sends the preface and ending of his Dialogue to the Secretary of the Vatican for corrections. He has now decided to print the book in Florence.

1631

x - A French newspaper carries classified ads.
may 20 - |Thirty Years' War +¢| Capture of Magdeburg by Tilly. Sack and burningof the city, not by order of Tilly.
sep 17 - |Thirty Years' War| Battle of Leipzig of Breitenfeld. Gustavus Adolphus wins victory over Tilly. The Saxons enter Bohemia.
x - |Thirty Years' War| Prague is captured by Saxons under Arnim.
x - |Thirty Years' War| At the urgent request of Ferdinand Wallenstein collected an army and recaptured Prague and drove the Saxons from Bohemia.

1632

feb - Printing of Galileo's ?* Dialogue is completed after some negotians with the Vatican.
sum - Pope Urban VIII + prohibits further ditribution of Galileo's Dialogue pending a commision appointed to examine the book.
fal to win - Galileo ?* says he cannot make it to Rome due to illness. The Inquisition rejects Galileo's excuse as a subterfuge and sends him notification that if he does not come to Rome voluntarily he will be arrested and brought to Rome in chains.
x - Compilation of the Annals of the Four Masters, a significant historical work, begins and is completed 1636.
x - John Locke is born. [d.1704] English philosopher who founded the school of empiricism.
x - |Thirty Years' War +¢| Gustavus advances tot he Danube to meet Tilly. Conflict of Rain near the confluence of the Lenz and Danube. Tilly mortally wounded and dies in Ingolstadt.
jul - |Thirty Years' War| Gustavus and Wallenstein face to face for eleven weeks. [u.sep]
nov 16 - |Thirty Years' War| Battle of Lützen. Gustavus dies in battle. the victory of the swedes was completed by Bernhard of Saxe-weimer.

1633

apr - Galileo ?* is formally interrogated by the Inquisition. apr 12 to 30 he is detained in the building of the Inquisition, but in a comfortable apartment. The consultants called in to examine Galileo's Dialogue, file their reports. A plea bargain is arranged whereby Galileo will be allowed to plead guilty to lesser charges and will receive a lenient sentence.
apr 30 - Galileo confesses that he may have made the Copernican case in the Dialogue too strong and offers to refute it in his next book.
jun - Urban VIII decides that Galileo will be imprisoned for an indefinte period.
jul - Galileo arrives in Siena. Here he begins putting together his Discourse on Two New Sciences.
dec - Galileo is allowed to return to his villa in Arcetri, near Florence, where he is under house arrest for the remainder of his life.

1634

x - |Thirty Years' War +¢| Ferdinand, son of the of the Holy Roman Emperor, and Gallas win the Battle of Nördlingen over the Swedes
x - French priest Marin Mersenne theorized that a submarine ?+ should be made of copper, cylindrical in shape to better withstand pressure, and with pointed ends both for streamlining and to permit reversing course without having to turn around.

1635

may 30 - |Thirty Years' War +¢| Treaty of Prague, between Emperor Ferdinand and the Elector of Saxony. Ending the Swedish Period of the war.
x - |Thirty Years' War| Swedish-French Period. [u.1648]

1636

x - Saint Isaac Jogues, a French Jesuit missionary, goes to Canada as missionary to the Huron people.
x - Ferdanand II dies, his son becomes Holy Roman Emperor Ferdanand III

1637

x - Rene' Decartes publishes drawings of specimens he observed under a microscope.
x - The Japanese government has several thousand Japanese Christians massacred, and all foreign traders except the Dutch are forced out of Japan.

1638

jan - Galileo ?* loses vision in his left eye and is now totally blind. He is allowed by the inquisition to transfer to his house in Florence in order to be closer to his physicians.
sep - John Milton visits Galileo in Arcetri.

1639

x - |Boston| Someone is appointed to deal with foreign mail.
x - First printing press in the American colonies.