1856 to 1860

1856

feb - |Crimean War +| Hostilities are suspended.
mar - |Crimean War| Peace Declared.
apr 29 - |Texas ?| Backed by the US military, a shipment of 32 camels arrived at the port of Indianola. The resulting Texas Camel Experiment used the animals to transport supplies over the "Great American Desert."
jul 09/10 - Nikola Tesla ?+ is born. [d.jan 07 1943]
nov - James Buchanan defeats John C. Fremont in the U.S. presidential election
x - Poitevan starts photolithography.
x - Blotting paper replaces sand boxes.
x - Machine folds newspapers, paper for books.
x - Iran besieges the Afghanistan ?¢ city of Herat, and the British (who control Afghanistan) declare war on Iran.
x - Louis Pastuer discovers that fermentation is caused by microorganisms.
x - Gregor Mendel starts his research on genetics.

1857

x - |India| Hindu and Muslim soldiers revolt against British in the Sepoy Rebellion
x - Iran and Great Britain sign a peace treaty.
x - Petroleum is discovered in Pennslvania. After this paraffin oil begins to replace the use of sperm-whale oil.
x - King Emmanuel of Sardinia and Prince Napoleon of France order the beginning of a jointly funded tunnel under Mont Cenis.
x - A machine to set type is demonstrated.
x - |France| Scott's phonautograph is a forerunner of Edison's phonograph.
x - U.S. Supreme Court disenfranchises blacks in territories.
x - The Mormons abandon Las Vegas
x - Founding of Hollywood
x - Restoration of the Mexican Republic.
x - James Buchanan succeeds Franklin Pierce as President of the United States of America
x - Discovery of La Tene culture artefacts in Switzerland by Hansli Kopp.

1858

feb 11 - The Virgin Mary appears to St. Bernadette of Lourdes
mar 19 - |China ?+| Dominent figure in the "Hundred days of Reform" Kang Youwei is born [d.mar 31 1927].
may 11 - Minnesota becomes the 32nd state in the United States
jun 16 - Lincoln gives his famous "House Divided" speech.
jul - |AUSTRALIA| Melbourne and Adelaide linked by electric telegraph ?+.
aug 05 - The first underwater telegraph cable laid between America and Europe. Queen Victoria exchanges epic messages with President Buchanan, but the system is experiences problems so it takes 16.5 hrs to transmit the first message. The system fails totally on sep 01, 1858.
oct - |AUSTRALIA| Sydney and Melbourne were linked by telegraph
x - The British government takes over the rule of India.
x - Russia and China sign the Treaty of Aygun extending Russian trading rights.
x - Hyman Lipman of Philadelphia and Joseph Rechendorfer of New York City both patent the idea of putting an eraser on the end of a pencil
x - Gold is discovered in the Central Fraiser River and Cariboo Mountains.
x - Mail boxes appear on American streets.
x - An aerial photograph is taken.
x - Automatic telegraph, patented in Britain by Charles Wheatstone. The transmission speed is up to 400 words per minute.
x - ABC Telegraph, known as 'the communicator', using two dials to indicate sent/received letters of alphabet, patented in Britain by Charles Wheatstone. The system becomes used on thousand of private lines in Britain since it does not require a trained operator.

1859

feb 14 - Oregon becomes the 33th state of the United States
jun 24 - Battle of Solferino (Battle of the Three Sovereigns) Sardinia and Napoleon III of France defeat Franz Josef I of Austria-Hungary in northern Italy
jul 11 - A Tale Of Two Cities by Charles Dickens * is published
sep 17 - Joshua A. Norton proclaims himself "Emperor of These United States"
x - Charles Darwin publishes The Origin of Species *.
x - John Stuart Mill +¢ publishes On Liberty *
x - Camera gets a wide-angled lens.
x - French designer Brutus de Villeroi builds a 33-foot-long treasure- hunting submarine ?+ for Philadelphia financier Stephen Girard.
x - Karl_XV succeeds Oskar I as Swedish King
x - The Sinaiticus codex was found by Dr. Tischendorf on his third visit to the monastery of Santa Katerina, on Mount Sinai
x - Bernhard Riemann formulates the Riemann hypothesis +, one of most important open problems of contemporary mathematics
x - Solar flares first observed on the Sun by English astronomer Richard Carrington.

1860

mar 06 - Spencer Repeating Rifle patented - 7 shots
apr 03 - First run of the Pony Express. St. Joseph, Missouri and Sacramento, California are linked by the Pony Express. Four hundred horses, used on a 10 day (12-16 day in winter), 3210 kilometer route. Each rider had to cover sixty miles (100 km) in six hours, using six different ponies.
jul 20 - |US Civil War ?+| South Carolina secedes from Union
oct 16-18 - John Browns raid of Harper's Ferry
oct 16 - Henry Repeating Rifle patented - 15 shots
oct 24 - The Pony Express rider service was closed down due to the completion of the transcontinental telegraph line between California and Missouri
nov 06 - States call conventions - secession talks
nov 06 - Lincoln defeats John C. Breckinridge in the U.S. presidential election - 33 states in Union
dec 03 - Lame Duck president Buchanan warns against secession but says its legal
dec 26 - |US Civil War| Union forces move into Fort Sumter to protect against secessionists.
dec 14 - Southern Manifesto issued - Further efforts for conciliation fruitless
dec 20 - South Carolina secedes
x - |STATUS|U.S.A] Four million people are slaves
x - |USA ?| Sholes builds a functional typewriter.
x - Florence Nightingale established a nursing school at St. Thomas's Hospital, London.
x - Victor Emmanuel, king of Sardinia seizes the whole of the Papal States besides Rome and unites Italy
x - Robert Wilhelm Bunsen discovers Cesium and Rubidium.
x - |France ? |automobile ?| The first internal combustion engine was built by Ettienne Lenoir. It ran on illuminating gas and was different from the modern engine.

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