1876 to 1880

1876

feb 14 - |USA ?| The patent for telephone or "speaking telegraph" is filed by Alexander Graham Bell; Patent awarded mar 03
may 10 - |USA| Philidelphia Centenial Exposition, called "Mighty Cosmos" the first major international exposition in Fairmount Park. - More than 8,000,000 visitors saw exhibits including Bell's telephone, the Westinghouse air brake, Edison's duplex telegraph, the typewriter, and sewing machine.
jun - |STATUS| The telephone is an instant success. By the end of June there are 230 telephones installed. aug: 750, sep there are 1,300 phones in use.
x - Custer's last stand.
x - Mark Twain * publishes The Adventures of Tom Sawyer *
x - British Queen Victoria is proclaimed Empress of India.
x - |JAPAN| A decree abolishes the samurai class of professional warriors.
x - |USA|STATUS| A fifth of grain shipments are done by rail.
x - Edison moves to Menlo Park, New Jersey, and establishes his laboratory.
sum - |S. CAROLINA| Race riots and terrorism directed at blacks occur. President Grant sends federal troops to restore order.
x - The presidential election of 1876, Samuel Tilden (Dem) vs. Rutherford B. Hayes (Rep), the outcome in the Electoral College appeared too close to be conclusive.
x - Edgar Degas ?¢ paints "Prima Ballerina"
x - |Germany ? |automobile ?| Nikolous Otto patented the four-stroke gasoline engine.

1877

jun 15 - Henry O. Flipper became the first black American to graduate from West Point.
dec 24 - |USA ?| Edison files patent for the tin foil cylinder phonograph; Patent awarded feb 19, 1878.
x - Russo Turkish wars reignite.
x - |France ?| Charles Cros invents the phonograph.
x - The first telephone conversation between Boston and New York
x - Edison invents carbon telephone transmitter, extending the clarity and range of the telephone.
x - A deal with Southern Democratic leaders made Rutherford B. Hayes president, in exchange for the withdrawal of federal troops from the South and the end of federal efforts to protect the civil rights of African-Americans.

1878

apr 24 - Edison Speaking Phonograph Co. incorporated
x - Edison developing an electric incandescent light bulb that lasts for more than 13 hours.
x - Congress of Berlin.
x - Milk delivered in bottles for first time.
x - Pope Leo XVII ends the practice of castrating boys for the papal choir.
x - Paul Bert, a French physiologist, published his book "La Pressions Barométrique", which would become a classic reference for aeronautical medicine in WWI.
x - Muybridge photographs a horse in motion.
x - Cathode ray tube is invented by Crookes, English chemist.
x - The dynamic microphone is invented in the U.S. and Germany ?.
x - Telephone directories are issued.
x - Frederick Wicks of Glasgow invents typecasting machine
x - Full page newspaper ads.
x - |FRANCE| The praxinoscope, an optical toy, a step toward movies.
x - Hughes invents the microphone.
x - Dry-plate photography.
x - |AUSTRALIA|STATUS| The first telephone exchange opens in Melbourne. Other cities follow: Brisbane in 1880, Sydney in 1881, Adelaide and Hobart in 1883, Pert in 1887
x - Leo XIII + becomes pope ?+ [1878] [re.List of Popes]

1879

x - Chancellor Bismarck negotiates a military alliance between Germany and Austria-Hungary.
x - Albert Einstein born.
x - Benday process aids newspaper production of maps, drawings.
x - Irish National Land League founded following initiative by Michael Davitt.
x - Land War in Ireland ?. [u.1882]

1880

aug 02 - Greenwich Mean Time (GMT) adopted officially by British Parliament
nov 02 - |USA ?| James Garfield (Rep) elected president.
x - British factory workers begin to play soccer
x - Rinderpest leads to famine in East Africa.
x - Auguste Rodin sculpts "The Thinker".
x - First photos in newspapers, using halftones.
x - Edison invents the electric light.
x - France's Leblanc theorizes transmitting a picture in segments.
x - First parcel post.
x - Business offices begin to look modern.
x - |STATUS| There are 30,000 telephones in use around the world
x - Edison discovers phenomenon which is later termed the "Edison Effect".
x - |IRELAND| Captain Boycott and evictions.
x - |IRELAND| Charles Stewart Parnell starts a love affair with Mrs O'Shea.
x - R.G. Rhodes creates a hearing aid, a thin sheet of hard rubber or cardboard placed against teeth which conducts vibrations to the auditory nerve.
x - |STATUS|USA| population c50,155,783; Black population c6,580,793

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